Abstract: The traditional structural design produces elements that can be improved from the point of view of the use of the material. As a way of perfecting these processes, methodologies such as BIM have emerged, which, although they fulfill their mission of creating information models through collaborative work, their form of parameterization is still limited. In this context, the generative design emerges as a way of designing by stipulating the parameters and restrictions to be met so that the code then delivers different alternative solutions. This document aims to synthesize different generative design applications in structural engineering to extend its use in civil engineering. To achieve this, a literature review, and a survey of professionals in the area were used to obtain their opinion. As a result, seven application cases were obtained, where the main use identified for generative design is the optimization of the amount of material for structural elements. Besides, most of the respondents are unaware or have little knowledge of what this process is about, although, after understanding it, they believe it can be used in their professional practice.

Resumen: El diseño estructural tradicional produce elementos mejorables desde el punto de vista de la utilización del material. Como una forma de perfeccionar estos procesos, han surgido metodologías como BIM, la cual, si bien cumple su misión de crear modelos de información, a través del trabajo colaborativo, su forma de parametrización es aún limitada. En este contexto surge el diseño generativo como una forma de diseñar estipulando los parámetros y restricciones a cumplir, para que luego el código entregue diferentes alternativas de soluciones. Este documento tiene como objetivo sintetizar diferentes aplicaciones del diseño generativo en la ingeniería estructural, como forma de extender su uso en la ingeniería civil. Para lograrlo se usó la revisión de literatura y una encuesta a profesionales del área para obtener su opinión. Se obtuvo como resultado siete casos de aplicación, dónde el principal uso identificado para el diseño generativo es la optimización de la cantidad de material para elementos estructurales. Además, la mayoría de los encuestados desconocen o conocen poco sobre lo que trata este proceso, aunque, luego de comprenderlo, lo creen factible de utilizar en su ejercicio profesional.

ABSTRACT In the present report we present the synthesis and structural analysis of a chalcone derivative of Apocynin, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propenone. The most characteristic feature of its molecular structure is its near-planarity, allowing molecules to be stacked in columns, at graphite intermolecular distances to each other and connected by a large variety of weak intermolecular interactions. The molecule presents structural analogies to related ones with significant pharmacological properties (e.g., Apocynin).

Abstract: The Lean Production system, with its principles of industry efficiency and production systems, proposes a new way of working, starting in the automotive sector, but later adapting to other sectors, such as the construction industry, through Lean Construction and its various application systems, among which Last Planner® System (LPS) stands out. Based on the methodology of the LPS, various software applications have been proposed, which incorporate its main components and help companies in project planning and control. Despite its rise, currently the real requirements that construction companies have about IT tools based on LPS remain unknown, as how the main IT tools that apply LPS meet these needs. Given this scenario, this research identified and validated the requirements for IT tools based on the LPS methodology, along with evaluating how the main software applications in the market make compliance with these aspects.

Resumen: El sistema Lean Production, con sus principios de eficiencia de las industrias y los sistemas de producción, plantea una nueva forma de trabajo, iniciando en el sector automovilístico, pero más tarde adaptándose a otros sectores, como la industria de la construcción, a través de Lean Construction y sus diversos sistemas de aplicación, dentro de los que se destaca, Last Planner® System (LPS). En base a la metodología del LPS se han planteado diversos softwares, que incorporan sus componentes principales y ayudan a las empresas en la planificación y control de proyectos. A pesar de su auge, actualmente se desconocen los reales requerimientos que tienen las empresas constructoras acerca de las herramientas TI basadas en LPS, y a su vez, cómo las principales herramientas TI que aplican LPS satisfacen estas necesidades. Ante este escenario, esta investigación identificó y validó los requerimientos para herramientas TI basadas en la metodología LPS, junto con evaluar cómo los principales softwares del mercado hacen cumplimiento de éstos aspectos.

ABSTRACT Concussion (CC) is the main cause of injury in contact athletes being American football (AF) one of the most popular. CC can produce a wide range of physical, cognitive and emotional symptoms. The objective was to evaluate the cognitive functioning of a senior AF player, 23 years of age and 15 years of schooling, before and after having presented a CC The following evaluation instruments were administered to the player: MoCA test, Digits and Cubes in regression, Visual Detection, Semantic Verbal Fluency, Stroop test, Tower of Hanoi and Wisconsin Card. His baseline cognitive profile was established in pre-season and was reassessed during the season a week after a CC In the pre-season evaluation the player presented a cognitive profile within the expected ranges for their age and schooling. In the acute phase of CC, the player decreased his performance in processing speed tasks, sustained attention, inhibition and planning.

RESUMO A concussão (CC) é a principal causa de lesão em atletas de contato, sendo o futebol americano (FA) um dos mais populares. O CC pode produzir uma ampla gama de sintomas físicos, cognitivos e emocionais. O objetivo foi avaliar o funcionamento cognitivo de um jogador sênior de FA, 23 anos e 15 anos de escolaridade, antes e depois de apresentar um CC Os seguintes instrumentos de avaliação foram administrados ao jogador: Teste MoCA, dígitos e cubos em regressão, detecção visual, fluência verbal semântica, teste Stroop, torre de Hanói e Wisconsin. Seu perfil cognitivo de base foi estabelecido na pré-temporada e reavaliado durante a temporada uma semana após um CC Na avaliação pré-temporada, o jogador apresentou um perfil cognitivo dentro dos limites esperados para idade e escolaridade. Na fase aguda do CC, o jogador diminuiu seu desempenho nas tarefas de velocidade de processamento, atenção sustentada, inibição e planejamento.

RESUMEN La conmoción cerebral (CC) es la principal causa de lesión en deportistas de contacto siendo el fútbol americano (FA) uno de los más populares. La CC puede producir una amplia gama de síntomas físicos, cognitivos y emocionales. El objetivo fue evaluar el funcionamiento cognitivo de un jugador de FA categoría mayor, de 23 años de edad y 15 años de escolaridad, antes y después de haber presentado una CC El jugador respondió los siguientes instrumentos: Test de MoCA, Dígitos y Cubos en regresión, Detección Visual, Fluidez Verbal Semántica, test de Stroop, Torre de Hanoi, Cartas de Wisconsin. Se estableció su perfil cognitivo basal en pretemporada y se reevaluó durante la temporada una semana posterior a una CC El perfil basal mostró resultados dentro de los rangos esperados. En la fase aguda de la CC, el jugador disminuyó su rendimiento en tareas de velocidad de procesamiento, atención sostenida, inhibición y planeación.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar especies o genotipos del protozoario parásito Cryptosporidium presentes en heces colectadas de terneros Holstein del municipio de Manizales, Departamento de Caldas, Colombia. El ADN fue extraído a 80 muestras de materia fecal, de las cuales 11 fueron diagnosticadas positivas para Cryptosporidium spp., mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). El análisis PCR-RFLP del locus 18S ADNr, identificó la presencia de Cryptosporidium parvum en todas las muestras positivas analizadas. Este hallazgo sugiere que el ganado puede ser una fuente potencial de infección por Cryptosporidium en humanos y se constituye en el primer reporte publicado de C. parvum en bovinos de Manizales, Caldas.

The objective of this study was to identify species or genotypes of Cryptosporidium parasite present in feces collected from Holstein calves in Manizales city, Caldas Department, Colombia. DNA was extracted from 80 fecal samples, which 11 were diagnosed positive for Cryptosporidium spp., by the Polymerase Chain Reaction method. PCR-RFLP analysis of 18S rDNA locus identified the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum in all samples tested positive. This finding suggests that cattle may be a potential source of human infection by Cryptosporidium, and it becomes the first published report of C. parvum in cattle in Manizales, Caldas.

Poultry is a main reservoir and source of human infection in campylobacteriosis. Three hundred and forty one stool samples (291 human, 50 avian) were analyzed. In the human group, 220 samples were collected from children with acute diarrheal disease (183 inpatients, 37 outpatients) and 71 from healthy children. Erythromycin and ciprofloxacin agar dilution MIC tests, Penner serotyping and RAPD-PCR genotyping were performed on 23 strains isolated. C. jejuni was reported only in patients with acute diarrhea (5.4% inpatients, 2.2% outpatients). Campylobacter prevalence in poultry was 34%. Cross-resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was found in 33.3% of human samples and 11.8% of animal samples. Human samples could not be typed using the Penner method. F serotype was the most expressed in poultry. We obtained a total of 14 genotypes (4 / 5 human and 10/15 avian). In conclusion, the predominant species in poultry and humans was C. jejuni, a significant amount of quinolone-resistant human and avian samples were obtained, and avian genotypes and serotypes were not found in human samples. The latter would mean that another source of infection could exist; therefore other reservoirs must be studied.

Las aves de consumo constituyen uno de los principales reservorios y fuente de infección humana de la campilo-bacteriosis. Se analizaron 341 muestras de deposiciones, 291 humanas y 50 aviares. De las muestras, 220 de niños con síndrome diarreico agudo-SDA (183 hospitalizados y 37 consultantes ambulatorios) y 71 niños sanos. A las 23 cepas obtenidas se les realizó CIM por dilución en agar a eritromicina y ciprofloxacina, serotipificación de Penner y genotipiicación por RAPD-PCR. Se encontró Campylobacterjejuni sólo en pacientes con SDA, de ellos 5,4% ambulatorios y 2,2% hospitalizados. En aves, la prevalencia de Campylobacter spp., fue de 34%. Hubo resistencia cruzada a ácido nalidixico y ciprofloxacina en 33,3% cepas de origen humano y 11,8% animal. Las cepas humanas fueron no tipiicables por el método de Penner. Predominó entre las aves el serotipo F. Se obtuvo un total de 14 genotipos (4/5 humanos y 10/15 aviares). En conclusión, la especie predominante en aves de corral y en humanos fue C. jejuni, existiendo una alta prevalencia de cepas de origen humano y aviar resistentes a quinolonas. Los genotipos y serotipos aviares no fueron encontrados en cepas de origen humano, lo que indica que podría existir otra fuente de infección, por lo que se requiere estudiar otros reservorios.

Hydrological regionalization is used to transfer information from gauged catchments to ungauged river basins. However, to obtain reliable results, the basins involved must have a similar hydrological behavior. The objective of this research was to identify hydrologically homogeneous regions in the Mixteca Oaxaqueña and surrounding areas. The area of study included 17 basins for which 20 climate and physiographic variables potentially useful in the prediction of flow were quantified. The applications of multivariate statistics techniques allowed us to identify three groups of basins hydrologically associated. A regional model was obtained to predict mean annual flow, which determined that the best predictive variables are the area and the average annual precipitation. The results will serve in future research to assess the availability of surface water in the region.

La regionalización hidrológica se utiliza para transferir información de cuencas aforadas a las no aforadas. Sin embargo, para obtener resultados confiables, las cuencas involucradas deben tener un comportamiento hidrológico semejante. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar zonas hidrológicamente homogéneas en la Mixteca oaxaqueña y zonas aledañas. El área de estudio comprendió 17 subcuencas para las que se cuantificaron 20 variables climáticas y fisiográficas potencialmente útiles en la predicción de gastos. La aplicación de técnicas estadísticas multivariadas, permitió identificar tres grupos de subcuencas hidrológicamente relacionadas. Se obtuvo un modelo regional para predecir gastos medios anuales, en el cual se determinó que las mejores variables explicativas son el área de la cuenca y la precipitación media anual. Los resultados obtenidos serán la base de futuras investigaciones para evaluar la disponibilidad del agua superficial en la región.

Avaliou-se um sistema de resfriamento para aumentar a eficiência produtiva e o bem-estar de novilhos durante o verão. Utilizaram-se 60 animais em fase de acabamento, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: os do grupo-controle permaneceram somente sob sombra (grupo não resfriado) e os do grupo sob sistema de resfriamento, sob área sombreada, diariamente, das 9 às 18h, durante 69 dias de estudo. As médias registradas de temperatura ambiente e umidade relativa foram 35,4°C e 35,3°C, respectivamente, com índice de temperatura-umidade de 81,4 durante o período de estudo. O peso individual foi anotado a cada duas semanas, e a temperatura da superfície corporal e a frequência respiratória foram registrados três vezes por semana. Amostras de sangue foram tomadas da veia coccígea duas vezes por semana para determinação de T3 e T4. O ganho médio diário no grupo sob resfriamento (1,46kg/dia) foi similar (P=0,21) ao do grupo-controle (1,37kg/dia). A temperatura da superfície corporal (35,9°C versus 38,7°C) e a frequência respiratória/minuto (77 versus 104) foram mais baixas (P<0,01) no grupo sob resfriamento do que no grupo-controle (P<0,01), respectivamente. Níveis de triiodotironina foram similares (P=0,30) em animais com resfriamento (0,80ng/mL) e sem resfriamento (0,87ng/mL), enquanto o nível de tiroxina foi mais baixo (P<0,01) no grupo com resfriamento (44,0ng/mL versus 56,6ng/mL). O sistema de resfriamento não afetou parâmetros produtivos, porém o bem-estar dos animais do grupo com resfriamento foi melhor.

The effects of a cooling system on productive efficiency and welfare of Holstein steers were evaluated during the summer. Sixty steers in the finishing phase were randomly allotted to one of two treatment-groups. Animals of control group were only provided with shade (non-cooled group) and a group of animals under a cooling system were installed in the shaded area (cooled group), which were operated daily from 09am to 6pm during the 69d of the study. The averages of environmental temperature and relative humidity were 35.4°C and 35.3%, respectively, with a temperature-humidity index average of 81.4 during the study. Individual body weight was recorded every two weeks, while body surface temperature and respiratory frequency were recorded three times per week. Blood samples were biweekly taken from coccygeal vein for determination of T3 and T4. The average daily gain in the cooled group gain (1.46kg/d) was similar (P=0.21) to non-cooled group (1.37kg/d). Body surface temperature (35.9ºC vs 38.7ºC) and respiratory frequency per minute (77 vs 104) were lower (P<0.01) in the cooled group than in non-cooled group, respectively. Triiodotironine levels were similar (P=0.30) in cooled (0.80ng/mL) and non-cooled (0.87ng/mL) groups, while, tiroxine level was lower (P<0.01) in cooled group (44.0ng/mL) compared to non-cooled group (56.6ng/mL). The cooling system did not improve productive parameters but the welfare in the cooled group was increased.

Cholesterol embolism is a disease caused by distal showering of cholesterol crystal released from disintegration of arterial atheromatous plaques. It may occur spontaneously or more often after invasive vascular procedures or thrombolytic/anticoagulant agents. Forty five cases were diagnosed between 1989 and 2005 in three Spanish hospitals. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology or diagnostic ophthalmoscopic findings. The majority were male (93.3%), elder (55.5% were older than 70 years), smoker (91.1%), had hypertension (95.6%), with high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. At the time of diagnosis all patients presented acute renal failure. Mean serum creatinine at diagnosis was 4.3± 2.4mg/dl. The acute renal failure was accompanied with eosinophilia (64.4%) and cutanous lesions (57.7%). 20% of cases occur spontaneously and 46.7% after endovascular manipulation (coronary angiography/arteriography) and only 8% after changes in anticoagulant treatment. After a follow-up of 12 ± 16.3 months the 55.6% of patients need chronic dialysis, 64.4% died, 8 of them after the beginning of dialysis. Nine patients recovered renal function, with a mean creatinine of 3 ± 1.7 mg/dl at the end of follow-up. The cardiovascular comorbididy and the clinical severity of the embolism don't have impact in the renal or patient survival. Renal survival (Kaplan-Mier) were better in spontaneous than in iatrogenic cholesterol embolism. Fifteen of 45 patients were treated with steroids. In treated patients we observed a high incidence of death (73.3% versus 60%) and fewer recovery of renal function (13.3% versus 23%), without statistical significance. The mean time to dialysis was shorter in treatment patients (p= 0.017). Statins treatment was not associated with outcome (renal or individual). In summary, atheroembolic renal disease represents an acute renal failure with special characteristics. Renal and individual outcome is poor, but some patients have spontaneous recovery of renal function. Renal survival was significantly better in spontaneous disease. We don't observe beneficial effect of steroid treatment.

El embolismo de colesterol es una enfermedad causada por la suelta de cristales de colesterol desde las placas arterioscleróticas ulceradas de la aorta. Esta suelta puede ocurrir de forma espontánea o más frecuentemente tras procedimientos vasculares invasivos o tras tratamientos anticoagulantes o fibrinolíticos. Entre 1989 y 2005, en tres hospitales españoles, se diagnosticaron 45 casos de embolismo renal de colesterol. El diagnóstico fue confirmado mediante biopsia de cualquier órgano afectado o hallazgos típicos en el fondo de ojo. La mayoría de los pacientes eran varones (93,3%), ancianos (el 55,7% era mayor de 70 años), fumadores (91,1%), hipertensos (95,6%) y con varios factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Todos los pacientes presentaron un fracaso renal agudo en el momento del diagnóstico. La creatinina media al inicio fue de 4,3 ± 2,4 mg/dl. El fracaso renal agudo se acompañó frecuentemente de eosinofilia (64,4%) y lesiones cutáneas (57,7%). El 20% de los casos ocurrieron espontáneamente y el 46,7% tras manipulación endovascular (cateterismo/arteriografía); tan sólo un 8,9% ocurrió tras cambios en la anticoagulación. Tras un seguimiento de 12 ± 16,3 meses, el 55,6% (25) de los pacientes requerían diálisis crónica y un 64,4% (29) había fallecido, ocho de ellos tras haber entrado en diálisis crónica. Se observó una recuperación parcial de función renal en 9 pacientes (20%), que presentaban una creatinina media al final del seguimiento de 3 ± 1,7 mg/dl. La comorbilidad cardiovascular y la gravedad clínica del embolismo de colesterol no tuvieron impacto sobre la supervivencia renal o del individuo. La supervivencia renal (Kaplan-Meier) fue mayor en los casos de ateroembolismo espontáneo que en los iatrogénicos. 15 de los 45 pacientes recibieron esteroides. En los tratados se observó una mayor incidencia de fallecimientos (73,3% frente a 60%) y un menor porcentaje de recuperación de función renal (13,3% frente a 23%), aunque sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. El tiempo medio de evolución a la diálisis fue significativamente más corto entre los tratados con esteroides (p = 0,017). El uso de estatinas no se asoció con una mejoría en el pronóstico renal o vital del individuo. En conclusión, la enfermedad renal ateroembólica constituye un tipo de fracaso renal agudo con unas características clínicas muy determinadas. La supervivencia renal y del paciente es mala, pero existe un porcentaje significativo de recuperaciones espontáneas de la función renal. La supervivencia renal fue significativamente mejor en los casos espontáneos y no observamos efectos beneficiosos del tratamiento esteroideo.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a timed artificial insemination protocol plus a period of artificial cooling on conception rate and physiologic response of heifers under heat stress. Ninety Holstein heifers were randomly allotted into one of three treatments: A control treatment (T1) with visual heat detection and insemination morning-evening (n= 30), a second treatment (T2) under a timed artificial insemination protocol and a third treatment (T3) with the same protocol than T2 plus an artificial cooling period beginning 11 d before and ending 21 d after insemination. The experiment was divided in two periods: the first period was from June 25 to July 26, and the second one from August 15 to September 16. In period 1, heifers in T3 had a lower (p<0.01) rectal temperature (39.35ºC) compared to T1 (39.68ºC) and T2 (39.67ºC); respiration rate (breaths/min) was more reduced (p<0.01) in T3 (72) in comparison to T1 (85) and T2 (84). Conception rate was not different between T3 (64.3%) and T1 (46.7%) but both showed a tendency to be different (p<0.10) to T2 (13.3%). During the period 2, the rectal temperature in T3 (39.24ºC) was lower (p<0,01) than T1 (39.61ºC) and T2 (39.62ºC). Respiration rate also was decreased (p<0,01) in T3 (77) with respect to T1 (87) and T2 (94), being T1 and T2 different (p<0.01). Conception rate was similar between T3 (40%), T1 (13%) and T2 (13%). The pregnancy rate including both periods had a tendency to be increased (p<0,10) in T3 (51.7%) compared to T2 (13.3%) and T1 (30.0%). The artificial insemination to fixed time plus artificial cooling may be an alternative to increase the fertility of Holstein heifers during the summer.

Las altas temperaturas afectan la reproducción del ganado bovino reduciendo la intensidad del estro y la fertilidad. Basado en lo anterior el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la inseminación artificial (IA) a tiempo fijo más un período corto de enfriamiento ambiental sobre la tasa de concepción y respuesta fisiológica de vaquillas bajo estrés calórico. Noventa vaquillas Holstein fueron distribuidas aleatoriamente en uno de los siguientes tratamientos: Un tratamiento testigo (T1) con detección visual de estro e IA mañana-tarde (n= 30); un segundo tratamiento (T2) bajo un protocolo de IA a tiempo fijo (n= 30) y un tercer tratamiento (T3) con el mismo protocolo de IA de T2 más un período de enfriamiento ambiental (ventilación y aspersión) de las vaquillas 11 d antes y 21 d después de la IA (n= 30). El experimento se dividió en dos períodos: el primero del 25 de junio al 26 de julio; el segundo del 15 de agosto al 16 de septiembre. En el primer periodo las vaquillas en T3 tuvieron una temperatura rectal (39,35ºC) más baja (p<0,01) en comparación con T1 (39,68ºC) y T2 (39,67ºC); la frecuencia respiratoria (respiraciones/min) fue menor (p<0,01) en T3 (72) comparada con T1 (85) y T2 (84). La tasa de concepción no difirió entre T3 (64,3%) y T1 (46,7%) pero ambos mostraron una tendencia a ser mayores (p<0,10) a T2 (13,3%). En el segundo período la temperatura rectal en T3 (39,24ºC) fue menor (p<0,01) que en T1 (39,61ºC) y T2 (39,62ºC). La frecuencia respiratoria también fue inferior (p<0,01) en T3 (77) respecto a T1 (87) y T2 (94), siendo T1 y T2 diferentes entre sí (p<0,01). La tasa de concepción fue similar entre T3 (40%), T1 (13%) y T2 (13%). La tasa de concepción total incluyendo los dos periodos presentó una tendencia a ser mejorada (p<0,10) por T3 (51,7%) con respecto a T2 (13,3%) y T1 (30,0%). La IA a tiempo fijo, combinada con un periodo corto de enfriamiento ambiental, puede ser una alternativa para incrementar la fertilidad en vaquillas Holstein durante el verano.

Aortic dissection is a life-threatening disease that requires immediate surgical intervention. Marfan syndrome is a hereditary disease with an autosomal dominant transmission, which affects the connective tissue, with skeletal, cardiovascular and ocular involvement. It is one of the most prevalent connective tissue disorders, presenting a rísk of aortic dissection of approximately 1% even without dilatation of the aorta. When dissection occurs during pregnancy and requires surgical intervention (type A dissection), maternal mortality is high (2096-30%). We report a 38 year-old woman with Marfan syndrome that had an acute type A aortic dissection and severe aortic regurgitation at 37 weeks of gestation. The patient underwent a cesarean section and delivered a healthy baby. Afterwards, aortic valve repair and ascending aortic replacement was successfully performed under circulatory arrest with deep hypothermia. Additionally mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with posterior, autologous pericardium mitral valve ring was performed.

Celiac disease results from the interaction between gluten and immune, genetic, and environmental factors. Although the main clinical manifestations are derived from gastrointestinal system, it has been described some renal diseases, especially chronic glomerulonephritis. We describe a young female patient with celiac disease which appears after delivery. Moreover, she develops simultaneously nephrotic proteinuria and microhematuria as a result of membranous nephropathy. The treatment with gluten-free diet and other conservative measures (ACEI and statin) is followed by clinical improvement and simultaneous decrease of tissue antitransglutaminase IgA-antibodies and complete remission of proteinuria. We review the relationship between celiac disease and membranous nephropathy and the role of diet in the management of both diseases.

La enfermedad celíaca se produce por la interacción entre el gluten contenido en los cereales y varios factores genéticos y autoinmunes. Aunque las manifestaciones clínicas predominantes son digestivas, se han descrito varias manifestaciones sistémicas. También se ha asociado con varias enfermedades renales, entre las que predominan las glomerulonefritis. Describimos el caso de una paciente con una enfermedad celíaca aparecida tras su primera gestación que de forma simultánea presenta proteinuria nefrótica y microhematuria, con sustrato morfológico de nefropatía membranosa. Tras recibir tratamiento con medidas conservadoras (IECA, estatina) y dieta sin gluten, se aprecia mejoría de la clínica digestiva, y desaparición de los anticuerpos antitransglutaminasa tisular tipo IgA y de la proteinuria. Revisamos la relación entre enfermedad celíaca y nefropatía membranosa y el papel de la dieta libre de gluten en el control de las mismas.

Background: Osteoporotic hip fractures are devastating events in older women. There is a genetic modulation of bone phenotypic parameters including bone density (BMD) and bone fragility fractures. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms explain a small part of the genetic influence on BMD, whereas their effect on fractures remains uncertain. Aim: To examine the contributions of VDR genotypes to the susceptibility to hip fracture in elderly Chilean women. Patients and methods: We recruited 126 women (67 with fractures and 59 without) from Bio-Bio Region, Chile, aged 65 to 94 years. Genotyping for Bsm-l, Apa-1, Taq-1 and Fok-1 VDR polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction methods. All hip fractures were confirmed by X-ray. Results: The alíele frequencies were 0.49 for B, 0.57 for A, 0.60 for T and 0.65 for F in the Bsm-l, Apa-1, Taq-1 and Fok-1 polymorphisms respectively. The prevalence of these VDR gene polymorphisms in women with fractures were 16% BB, 69% Bb, 15% bb for Bsm-l; 30% AA, 46% Aa, 14% aa for Apa-1; 17% TT, 34 Tt, 8% tt for Taq-1 and 43%FF, 41% Ff, 16% ff for Fok-1. All VDR genotype frequencies did not differ from Hardy- Weinberg expectations. Alíele or genotype frequencies did not differ between women with or without fractures. These results did not change when analysis was adjusted by age weight, height or gynecologic history. Conclusions: The genotype frequencies of the VDR polymorphisms are in accordance with the frequencies of other Hispanic and Caucasian populations. Our results suggest that VDR polymorphisms are not associated with the risk of hip fracture in older women of this Region of Southern Chile